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美日民事诉状比较及借鉴/段文波

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-03 09:11:59  浏览:9824   来源:法律资料网
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  关键词: 诉答/请求旨趣/诉讼原因/请求原因事实
  内容提要: 美国诉状的记载事项与诉答的功能息息相关,而诉答的功能又与诉讼构造紧密相连。美国的诉答功能不断变迁,因此诉状的记载也有所不同。相比之下,日本的民事诉状功能单一,只要足以特定和识别诉讼标的即可。我国民事诉状的改革必须立足于大陆法系的诉讼构造,着眼于诉状的功能,采用要件事实论的事实记载方式。


  引 言

  民事诉讼始于当事人起诉。而当下各国均规定当事人起诉以向法院提交诉状为之。[1]但是,诉状所承载的功能远非如此。申言之,诉状不仅可以启动民事诉讼,而且担负着向法院以及对方当事人提供诸多信息的功能。根据诉状的记载内容,被告和法院对于原告提出何种请求与救济便可一目了然。可以说,诉状的记载为以后铺开的诉讼程序提供了重要指针。相对应,被告方也会针对原告方的救济要求提出相应的答辩状。据此,两造便揭开了诉讼程序中解明争点的序幕。于法院而言,预测当事人之间争议的焦点,也为日后具体判断诉讼程序的进展提供了第一手资料。鉴于我国目前缺乏美国式的审前准备程序,也没有大陆法诸如德国和日本的口头辩论准备程序,我国民事诉状的记载内容和方式就显得尤为重要。笔者意图通过比较美国和日本民事诉状的记载内容与方式,为我国改进民事诉状的记载内容和方式提供有益的参考。

一、美国民事诉状的功能与记载事项

英美法系民事诉状的功能与记载事项与诉答的功能息息相关,尤其在美国体现的更为明显。所谓诉答乃当事人相互交换文书提出主张的程序。在诉答程序中整理两造的主张、确定争点之后,方在审理中就争点展开证据调查。美国历史上的诉答大概可以分为三类,因此民事诉状的功能与记载事项也呈现出各自不同的特征。

(一)普通法诉答

普通法诉答又称为事实诉答。事实诉答中诉状的功能主要是为了整理事实。这种诉状的功能主要出现在早期的诉讼中,比方普通法时代的诉状。由于普通法采用陪审制,而陪审员大多都是法律的门外汉,所以为了便于他们理解诉讼的内容,审理中的争点必须简单明确。因此,准备审理的诉答程序中的诉状主要就是为了形成单一明确的争点。除了考虑陪审团,令状体系下的诉讼方式体制也要求通过诉答形成单一明确的争点。特别是受到“variance”[2]法理的规制,当事人的主张不得是选择性的抑或重复的[3]。请求合并也被法律严格限制。一个主张只能对应一个抗辩。换言之,被告必须或否认或在承认的基础上提出抗辩。在这样严格技术性法则的支配下,提交到陪审团面前的争点往往也就只有一个。这个过程俗称“争点绞尽”。

在上述诉答制度下,诉状的记载必须采用诉讼方式所决定的严格形式。显然,面对纷繁复杂的社会,事实诉答显然力有不逮。步入 19 世纪前半叶,重复性主张、一般性主张相继获得法院认可。就诉状而言,可以通过复数的诉因表明与请求相关的各种法律观点。对于请求理由事实而言,也取而代之以包含事实主张的一般诉因。

(二)法典诉答

美国民事诉讼程序在英国殖民地时代并不具有很强的技术性。尽管民事诉讼也采用诉讼方式体制,却不象英国本土那样严格适用。但进入 19 世纪以后,美国逐渐仿效其母法国,迷失在恣意的诉讼方式中,并严格限制当事人及诉讼原因的合并,真正的案件事实往往被冗长、无谓的普通法诉答所遮蔽。时代迫切需要改革陈旧的诉讼方式体制。美国诉答制度改革滥觞于菲尔德法典,随后席卷全美。1846年修改的纽约州宪法废止了衡平法法院,并设置了普通法与衡平法共通的法院。与此同时,纽约州还专门设立了修改诉讼法的委员会。该委员会于 1848 年提出了废止诉讼方式,建立统一普通法与衡平法的诉讼程序以及需要在诉答中陈述事实的法典草案。

后来,法典诉答因为日渐冗长、形式主义而被诟病。案件的事实关系往往掩藏在技术化的程序背后。争点也集中在审前阶段形式上的瑕疵。由此,造成了诉讼迟延。不能究明案件真正纠纷的诉答无从发挥审前准备机能。历史上,诉答的机能表现在如下四个方面:1.表明裁判的基础事实,使法院可以对其适用法律;2.形成明确的争点,简化证据调查的对象;3.固定待判事项,防止当事人对同一事项再行起诉,确定既判力的客观范围;4.预先告知对方当事人主张的内容以便对方可以提出反对主张并为证据调查作好充分的准备。普通法诉答因为形式主义的缺陷导致法院和对方当事人无从完全明确主张的内容,其机能也逐渐丧失殆尽。因此,法典诉答并未采用过度技术化的主张形式,而且特别强调当事人的主张必须采用简洁明了的语言以便于对方和陪审团理解。只有明确了事实主张,判决基础方能确定,争点整理、记录保持、告知对方当事人等诉讼程序始有可能良性运营。法典规定应用简洁明了的语言在诉状中记载构成诉讼原因的事实,便是上述精神的具体体现。普通法的诉答乃是争点诉答,亦即通过诉答交换压缩诉讼的争点。传统的法典诉答乃是事实诉答,即以记载请求或抗辩之主要事实为目的。法典诉答之诉状记载事项乃是构成“诉讼原因”的事实,并非法律结论,亦非证据事实。法律结论类似一般诉因而过于抽象,以致不能明确表示案件事实。证据事实则过于琐碎,往往有遗漏事实记载明确性之虞。与法律结论及证据事实相互区别的主要事实乃是实体法所规定的一定的法律效果之发生原因,因此可以担当明确事实主张的重任。换言之,构成诉讼原因的事实判断基准起先并非诉讼方式的技术形式,而是实体法上的法律要件。诉状中所应记载的事实必须是实体法对应的要件事实,乃是实体性事实抑或主要事实。由上述主要事实所构成的诉讼原因的同一性乃是判断实体法权利单一性的标准。因为确定性乃是审理判决的核心并决定诉讼框架,所以作为审判对象的“诉讼原因”必须具备确定性[4]。针对令状体系的批判便是围绕确定性展开的。此外,法典通过废止诉讼方式不同则程序各异的规定,允许自由合并诉讼原因及主张补正等手段弥补了普通法所欠缺的融通性。确定性与融通性在法典诉答体制下得以调和。19 世纪前半叶完成产业革命、意气风发的市民阶级所广泛支持的新民事诉讼法典就描绘了这样一个崇高的理想。

但是,美国法典的具体适用显然差强人意,特别是围绕构成“诉讼原因”的事实转为围绕极为技术性的问题争执不休、诉答阶段围绕形式上的争点摩擦不断的现象愈演愈烈。技术性的争点拖沓诉讼等普通法以来的流毒即便在法典诉讼中也没有得到丝毫改善。

(三)告知诉答

事实诉答要求必须在诉状中记载作为请求理由所必要的全部主要事实。相反,告知诉答理论则主张诉状的记载事项原则上只要向对方当事人及法院预告请求和抗辩的内容即可。事实诉答要求记载全部主要事实,因此在遗漏主张某一要件事实抑或主要事实不够具体时将会引发两造在审前围绕这些技术性问题争执不休,诉讼迟延在所难免。告知诉答的设立初衷便是旨在规避上述缺陷。但是不论是请求抑或抗辩的内容应具体化到何种程度尚无定论。彻底的解决思路主张当事人在诉状中没有必要提及诉讼原因的细枝末节,只要告知请求或抗辩的性质即可。但是,更为一般性的思路与事实诉答一样,认为诉答的机能之一必须是能够显示作为请求理由的最小必要限度内的主要事实。但对于事实的性质,由于对方当事人可以从诉答事实中进行推断,所以原告没有必要主张。

1938 年《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》仅要求主张者在诉答中“简明扼要表明救济请求”即可,并不要求记载构成诉讼原因的事实。由是观之,该规则很明显受到了告知诉答理论的影响。比方说在交通事故损害赔偿案件中,只要表明一定的时间和地点,被告因过失撞倒原告致其受到怎样的损害即可,毋庸主张过失的详细要件。而在法典诉答之下,如果当事人仅仅主张单纯的法律结论比如“过失”等其他常识性的法律用语往往会被法院驳回。[5]相反,在告知诉答之下,只要满足充分告知的要件即可。只要能够达到充分告知的目的,不论主张法律结论抑或主要事实均无关紧要。告知诉答的要求仅是能够为对方当事人答辩及审理中的证据调查做好准备,同时发挥诉答所应具备的特定案件同一性的机能即可。

将诉答的机能限定为以上两个方面、要件宽松的告知诉答自当可以避免因为当事人于审前围绕技术性的问题发生无谓争执以至拖延诉讼。但是,就诉答本应发挥的功能来看,显然差强人意。申言之,诉答所应具备的整理主张、简化争点、表明作为判决基础的具体事实、便于适用法律等机能在告知诉答中几乎丧失殆尽。告知诉答的倡导者意图通过与诉答相并列的其他审前准备程序弥补上述机能。这些审前准备程序包括审前协议程序、证据开示及简易判决程序等等。

在告知诉答制度下,试图在审前诉答阶段通过诉状的记载事项明确主要事实颇为困难。现下,通行的做法乃是利用证据开示等补充程序发掘真正的纠纷并在审理阶段就业已明确的事实适用法律。在上述简化的诉答程序中,法院也无从根据实体法的观点确定诉讼原因。之所以如此,全在于仅仅通过诉答程序根本无法明确案件的主要事实。与此告知诉答相对应,随之出现了“诉讼原因”实用化的趋势,亦即怎么能解决问题就怎么告知的倾向。在告知诉答体制下,抛弃了法典诉答中的诉讼原因概念,取而代之以灵活解决个案的实用主义观。《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》取“诉讼原因”而代之以“请求”便是这一新趋势的著例。在告知诉答制度下,当事人在诉状中没有必要陈述以实体法为基准的所有主要事实,因此自当无从发挥诉答最早所具备的主张请求理由事实的机能。与大陆法系之德日准备文书要求陈述详细事实之规定相比,美国法之诉状所承载的提供诉讼资料的机能显然相去甚远。

二、日本民事诉状的记载事项

作为英美法系的代表,美国民事诉状记载内容的变化与其诉答所承载的功能变迁息息相关。而在缺乏诉答这一程序构造的大陆法系代表国家——日本民事诉讼中,情况又怎样呢?1996 年,《日本新民事诉讼法》制定,该法第133 条第2 款规定民事诉状应该记载下列事项:当事人及法定代理人;请求的旨趣及原因。[6]《日本新民事诉讼规则》第 53 条第一、二款规定诉状除了应该记载请求旨趣、请求原因之外,还应记载可以支持该请求的具体事实,且应依各个亟待证明的事由,记载与该事由相关的重要事实及证据。记载事实主张的诉状,应尽可能分别记载支持该请求的事实以及与该事实相关联的事实。那么,究竟什么又是请求旨趣与请求原因?

所谓请求的旨趣,正是当事人要求法院审判的结论。例如,原告向法院请求判决被告向原告支付100 万日元(给付之诉)、请求确认附件物件目录所记载的土地所有权(确认之诉)以及请求判决原被告之间离婚(形成之诉)。请求的旨趣与请求的原因合并特定法院审判的对象,发挥着限定法院审判范围的作用。民事诉讼中,因开启诉讼的发动权在于原告,所以对于提起诉讼请求的原告而言,有责任特定审判的对象请求并明确对什么请求作出怎样的判决。为此,请求的旨趣也自然成为诉状的必要记载事项。因此,请求的旨趣首先必须明确、具体。此外,通过请求的旨趣必须可以确定原告所提出的诉讼请求,原则上不得附条件和期限。比如第三人向原告提起的房屋交付请求诉讼中原告败诉的情形下,被告提起请求原告交付居住房屋的判决请求作为请求的旨趣来说就不合法。

请求原因一语在《日本民事诉讼法》中有下列三种不同的意义:第一种意义上的请求原因是指与请求旨趣一起足以特定诉讼物的事项(特定请求的请求原因);其次是指原告所主张的作为诉讼请求内容的权利或法律关系的理由事实中,原告根据主张责任、证明责任分配的法则,必须首先主张证明之事项(作为请求理由的请求原因、通常是权利发生原因等,即权利根据规定要件对应的主要事实);第三种意义上的请求原因是指在涉及所谓的原因判决[7]时指代除去数额之后请求权仍得成立、存续的一切事项。构成诉讼请求内容的权利或法律关系(诉讼标的)必须通过诉状必要记载事项亦即请求旨趣及原因才能够特定。作为诉状必要记载事项的请求原因亦即上述第一种意义上的请求原因,也被称为识别说。但是,自古以来,也不乏将上述第二种意义上的请求原因视为诉状必要记载事项的见解。现行《日本新民事诉讼法》规定当事人的主张和证据原则上必须根据诉讼的进展适时提出。因此,此处的“请求原因”乃特定并识别请求的必要事实。但是,一般情况下法官以及对方当事人并不能仅仅依靠上述事实就能充分了解案件的全貌和实际状况,所以《日本新民事诉讼规则》规定,为了当事人双方在诉讼早期就可以明了主张证明关系并在期日展开充实的审理,除了上述请求原因事实之外,当事人在诉状中具体记载请求理由事实(主要事实)的同时,尚需记载与要证事实(原告方所预想的会成为争点的要证事实)相关事实中重要的间接事实及证据(证据方法)。

不难发现,日本民事诉状所应记载的事项与美国民事诉状的记载事项迥然不同,日本民事诉状记载事项相对应的便是诉状的功能。换言之,日本民事诉讼的立法者希冀通过规范诉状的记载事项,确保诉状能够发挥应有的功能。就日本诉状的功能而言,素来有识别说与理由记载说之区别。其中,前者乃是通说。所谓识别说,亦即诉状只要记载能够特定诉讼请求的事实即可。相反,理由记载说乃是着眼于民事诉状的记载事项与请求原因的相互关系,要求诉状中必须记载请求具有合理理由的一切必要事实。该说亦称为事实记载说。《日本新民事诉讼规则》第 53 条第 1 项明确规定采用识别说。从充实民事审理的角度来说,诉状中除了应该具有特定原告诉讼请求的必要事实之外,还必须具体记载请求理由事实。差强人意的是,该条规定乃训示规定,新法的立法者希望在诉状中记载请求理由事实成为民事诉讼的惯行。

三、美日诉状之比较与我国诉状之改善

(一)美日诉状比较及原因分析

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外国保险机构驻华代表机构管理办法(英文版)

中国保险监督管理委员会


外国保险机构驻华代表机构管理办法(英文版)


Rules on Administration of Representative Offices of Foreign Insurance Institutions

Chapter I General Provisions

Article 1
These rules are formulated in accordance with the Insurance Law of the People’s Republic of China, and for the purpose of strengthening the administration of representative offices of foreign insurance institutions (hereinafter referred to as “representative offices”), and meeting the needs of the opening up of China’s insurance market to the outside world.

Article 2
Foreign insurance institutions hereof referred to in these rules are those insurance companies, reinsurance companies, insurance intermediaries, insurance associations, and other insurance organizations incorporated outside the territory of the People’s Republic of China.
Representative offices hereof referred to in these rules are both representative offices and general representative offices established by foreign insurance institutions within Chinese territory for the purpose of conducting such non-operational activities as liaison service and market research etc.
Chief Representative hereof referred to in these rules is the principal responsible person of the representative office, and the general representative is the principal responsible person of the general representative office.

Article 3
Representative offices shall abide by Chinese laws and regulations and related regulations made by China Insurance Regulatory Commission (hereinafter referred to as “CIRC”) and their legitimate rights and interests are protected by Chinese laws.

Article 4
CIRC is authorized by law and the State Council to perform regulatory responsibilities over the representative offices.
Under the authorization scope of CIRC, the local branch offices of CIRC take general regulation of those representative offices that are located in their jurisdictions on behalf of CIRC.

Chapter Ⅱ Application and Establishment

Article 5
Foreign insurance institutions (hereinafter referred to as “the applicant”) applying to establish a representative office shall satisfy the following requirements:
(1) Good business performance;
(2) No record of any major violation of laws and regulations within three years prior to the application date;
(3) Other prudential requirements stipulated by CIRC.

Article 6
The formal application form for the establishment of representative office is provided by CIRC.

Article 7
The applicant shall submit the following documents:
(1) The formal application form;
(2) A letter of application addressed to the Chairman of CIRC and signed by its Chairman of the Board of Directors or General Manager of the concerned insurance institution;
(3) A photocopy of the business license or the certificate of authorization for insurance business, or the registry certificate issued by the relevant regulatory authorities of its home country or territory;
(4) Articles of association and the name list of the members of the Board of Directors, management personnel or principal partners;
(5) Annual reports of the last three years prior to the application;
(6) A letter of permit issued by the competent authority of its home country or territory allowing it to set up a representative office in China, or a letter of recommendation from the industrial association of which the applicant is a member, and both types of letters shall contain information about the penalty records of the applicant received within three years prior to the application;
(7) A power of attorney signed by the Chairman of the Board or General Manager for the chief representative designated;
(8) The resume of the designated chief representative and other relevant supporting documents;
(9) Other documents and materials required by CIRC.
The photocopy of the business license or the certificate of authorization for insurance business, or the registry certificate shall be subject to notarization certified by the applicant’s home country or territory or verification by the resident Embassy or Consulate of the People’s Republic of China in the applicant’s home country or territory.

Article 8
The applicant shall submit its application documents to CIRC. CIRC shall handle all the applications according to the following conditions:
(1) If the document has a mistake (mistakes) that can be corrected on the spot, the applicant shall be allowed to make the correction on the spot;
(2) If the document is incomplete or does not comply with regulatory formats, the applicant shall be informed on the spot or within five days of all the required corrections at one time. If the applicant is not informed of such information in this period, then it is assumed that the application is accepted for review on the day it is received by CIRC;
(3) If the document is complete and complies with regulatory formats, or after the applicant, upon request, has submitted additional documents and made necessary corrections, then the application shall be accepted for review.
Whether or not CIRC accepts the application for review, CIRC shall issue a written document with designated stamp and date indicated.

Article 9
Within 20 days from the date of receiving the application letter, CIRC shall make a decision on whether or not to approve. If the decision can not be made in the said 20 days, at the approval of the Chairman of CIRC, the said period can be extended 10 more days and the applicant shall be informed of reasons for the extension.
If CIRC decides to accept the application, it shall issue an approval document; in case of disapproval, CIRC shall state reasons in a written document.

Article 10
After a representative office receiving the official document of approval, it shall register with the State Administration of Industry and Commerce in line with relevant rules.
The representative office shall move into its official premises within three months from the date on which the approval document is issued; the approval document shall automatically become invalid if the said deadline is not observed.

Article 11
Any foreign insurance institution that has already established no less than two representative offices in China shall be allowed to apply to CIRC to appoint one of its representative offices as a general representative office.

Article 12
In applying to appoint the general representative office, foreign insurance institutions shall submit a letter of application addressed to the Chairman of CIRC and signed by its Chairman of the Board of Directors or General Manager of the concerned insurance institution.
The application for setting up a general representative office is subject to the same rules governing the application of a representative office.

Chapter Ⅲ Supervision and Administration

Article 13
The official title of the representative office shall be arranged in the following order: name of the foreign insurance institution + name of the city where the representative office is to be located + representative office; The official title of the representative office shall be arranged in the following order: name of the foreign insurance institution + general representative office in China.

Article 14
Except the principal responsible person, other major staff members shall be entitled “Representative” or “Deputy Representative”.

Article 15
Employees of representative office shall abide by Chinese laws and regulations, with high integrity and clean record.

Article 16
A general representative shall have a work experience above 8 years and hold a junior college degree or a higher academic degree; a chief representative shall have a work experience above 5 years, and hold a junior college degree or a higher academic degree.
Without a junior college degree, the general representative or chief representative shall have a work experience above 10 years in the insurance business.

Article 17
A maximum of three employees of foreign nationality are allowed in each representative office.

Article 18
A representative office and its employees shall not enter into any agreement or contract with any legal or natural persons, which might generate an income to the representative office or the foreign insurance institution it represents, and shall not be involved in business activities of any kind.

Article 19
A representative office shall have official premises, necessary office facilities and full-time staff.

Article 20
The General Representative or Chief Representative shall not work in two or more representative offices or any business institution in China.

Article 21
The General Representative or Chief Representative shall attend to the daily activities of the representative office on a permanent basis. If he or she consecutively stays away from the representative office for a period or more than one month, he or she shall delegate his or her responsibility as the General Representative or Chief Representative to a person specially appointed, and submit a written report to the local branch office of CIRC.

Article 22
A representative office shall submit two copies of its annual work report of the previous year before the end of each February to the CIRC’s local branch office, who shall then forward the report to CIRC’s head office.
The work report shall follow the format prescribed by CIRC.

Article 23
A representative office shall submit the annual report of the foreign insurance institution it represents to both CIRC and CIRC’s local branch office within six months after the end of each accounting year of the foreign insurance institution.

Article 24
If any following major event occurs in an insurance institution that has maintained a representative office in China, the representative office shall, within 10 days after the occurrence of the event, submit a written report to CIRC and copy the report to CIRC’s local branch office.
(1) A change in its articles of association, register capital, and registered business address;
(2) Division or merger or change of top management;
(3) Serious losses resulted in business operation;
(4) Penalties imposed for violations of laws and regulations;
(5) Major regulatory actions taken against it by the regulatory authorities of its home country or territory;
(6) Other matters which may seriously disrupt business operation of the foreign insurance institution.

Article 25
In case of changing a General Representative or Chief Representative, the representative office shall apply to CIRC, and submit the following documents:
(1) A letter of application addressed to the Chairman of CIRC, and signed by its Chairman of the Board of Directors or General Manager of the concerned insurance institution;
(2) Power of attorney of the proposed General Representative or chief representative signed by the Chairman of the Board of Directors or General Manager;
(3) Proof of personal identity certificates, certificate of academic degree and resume of the proposed General Representative or Chief Representative.

Article 26
If a foreign insurance institution intends to terminate its representative office’s operation, it shall submit a letter of application addressed to the Chairman of CIRC, and signed by its Chairman of the Board of Directors or General Manager of the concerned insurance institution.

Article 27
If a foreign insurance institution intends to change the name of its representative office, it shall submit a letter of application addressed to the Chairman of CIRC, and signed by its Chairman of the Board of Directors or General Manager of the concerned insurance institution, together with other relevant proving documents about the renaming.

Article 28
Under the situation stipulated in Article 25, Article 26, and Article 27, CIRC shall make a decision on whether to approve or disapprove of the application within 20 days from the date of receiving a complete set of application documents.
If a decision of approval is made, it shall issue an approval document; if a decision of disapproval is made, it shall notify the applicant in writing and give the reasons.

Article 29
A representative office can change its office location within the same administrative area it resides only.
The concerned representative office shall submit CIRC’s local branch office of its new office address, telephone and fax numbers within 5 days from the date of changing.

Article 30
In case of changing, increasing or reducing the number of Representatives, Deputy Representatives, or foreign employees, the concerned representative office shall report to CIRC’s local branch office within 5 days from the date of changing, and submit the proof of personal identity certificates, certificate of academic degree and resume of the nominated personnel.

Article 31
When a representative office is approved to be changed to a general representative office, the original representative office is cancelled automatically. The general representative office shall apply to the State Administration of the Industry and Commerce for cancellation of the registration of the representative office within one month from the date of CIRC’s approval within one month from the date of CIRC’s approval.

Article 32
If a general representative office is the only representative office in China after the insurance institution it represents withdraws all other representative offices, the general representative office shall be changed into a representative office.
The general representative office shall apply to CIRC by submitting an application letter regarding such change signed by the Chairman of the Board of Directors or General Manager of the concerned foreign insurance institution. Within 20 days from the date of receiving the application letter, CIRC shall make a decision on whether or not to approve. If CIRC decides to accept the application, it shall issue an approval document; in case of disapproval, CIRC shall state reasons in a written document.
When a general representative office is approved to be changed to a representative office, the original general representative office is cancelled automatically. The representative office shall apply to the State Administration of the Industry and Commerce for cancellation of its registration within one month from the date of CIRC’s approval.

Article 33
After a representative office of the foreign insurance institution is terminated by the CIRC, all the issues left unsettled shall be taken over and handled by its general representative office in China; if there is no such a general representative office, responsibilities on all issues left unsettled shall be taken over and handled by the foreign insurance institution’s other representative offices in China; if there is no any other representative office in China, responsibilities on all issues left unsettled shall be borne by the foreign insurance institution itself.

Article 34
CIRC and its local branch offices conduct general supervision and annual inspection over the representative offices of foreign institutions in regard to the following issues:
(1) The completeness of the procedures for the changes made by the representative office;
(2) The truthfulness of the documents and materials submitted to CIRC;
(3) The completeness of the procedures for the appointments or changes of staff members of representative offices;
(4) Whether or not representative offices are conducting business activities;
(5) Other items required by CIRC and its local branch offices.

Chapter Ⅳ Legal Liability

Article 35
Any representative office established without approval, in violation of certain provisions of these Rules, shall be banned by CIRC in accordance with law.

Article 36
If a representative office is engaged in financial business activities in violation of these Rules, it shall be punished by CIRC in line with relevant laws and regulations. If a representative office is engaged in profit-seeking operational activities other than insurance business, it shall be imposed a disciplinary warning or a fine below RMB 300,000 yuan.

Article 37
If a representative office fails to submit relevant reports or documents as stipulated in Article 22, 23, 24 of these Rules to CIRC, it shall be imposed a warning and ordered to make correction by CIRC’s local branch office.

Article 38
Employees of a representative office being with direct responsibility for activities violating these Rules shall be imposed by CIRC with a disciplinary warning and /or a fine below RMB 5000 yuan, according to the seriousness of the cases.

Article 39
CIRC may issue a disciplinary warning to a representative office involved in providing false information or concealing important facts.

Article 40
CIRC may order the representative offices, found in violation of other provisions stipulated in these Rules, to make corrections; those who do not make corrections within a prescribed time period shall be issued a disciplinary warning.

Chapter Ⅴ Supplementary Provisions

Article 41
These Rules shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to the representative offices established in the mainland by insurance institutions from the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the Macao Special Administrative Region, and Taiwan region.

Article 42
These Rules shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to the resident offices of foreign insurance institutions approved to establish in China by CIRC.

Article 43
The terms “above”, “below” and “within” used to indicate a threshold number shall include the number itself.

Article 44
The approval and reporting periods prescribed in these Rules concerning licensing and reporting periods refer to working days, which exclude weekends and public holidays.

Article 45
CIRC shall be responsible for the interpretation of these Rules.

Article 46
These Rules shall be effective as of March 1, 2004, and the Rules on Administration of Representative Offices of Foreign Insurance Institutions, issued by CIRC on November 26, 1999 shall be repealed simultaneously.




厦门市人民政府关于印发《厦门市商品房预售管理规定》和《厦门市房地产抵押管理规定》的通知

福建省厦门市人民政府


厦门市人民政府关于印发《厦门市商品房预售管理规定》和《厦门市房地产抵押管理规定》的通知
厦门市人民政府


通知
各县、区人民政府,市直各委、办、局:
《厦门市商品房预售管理规定》和《厦门市房地产抵押管理规定》已经市政府同意,现印发给你们,请遵照执行。

附:厦门市商品房预售管理规定
第一条 为促进房地产市场的健康发展,保护交易双方的合法权益,根据《国务院关于发展房地产业若干问题的通知》和《福建省房地产开发经营和市场管理试行办法》等规定,结合我市的实际情况,制定本规定。
第二条 商品房预售,是指房地产经营者将尚未完工的商品房提前出售的行为。
第三条 房地产经营者预售商品房必须具备下列条件:
(一)房地产经营者已与土地管理部门签订《国有土地使用权出让合同》,领取《国有土地使用权证》;
(二)已领取建设项目批准文件、《建设工程规划许可证》、《开工许可证》;
(三)房屋建设工程承包合同已生效,房屋交付使用日期已经确定;
(四)已在本市银行开立预收商品房预售款专用帐户;
(五)已完成基础工程或投入开发建设的资金已达该项建筑预算总额的百分之二十;
(六)政府主管部门认为必须具备的其他条件。
第四条 预售商品房须向厦门市房地产管理局提出申请,经批准领取《商品房预售许可证》后,方可预售。
第五条 申请办理《商品房预售许可证》时,须提交下列资料或文件:
(一)《国有土地使用权出让合同》、《国有土地使用证》;
(二)建设项目批准文件、《建设工程规划许可证》;
(三)商品房预售款监管方案;
(四)建筑施工合同书;
(五)预售方案(包括经主管部门批准的建筑平面图,建筑面积分户计算书,售楼方式、时间、地点等);
(六)已投入开发建设资金数额的证明;
(七)营业执照、法定代表人身份证明;
(八)批准机关认为应提交的文件。
第六条 市房地产管理局接到预售申请后,应在十五日内对批准预售的发给《商品房预售许可证》,对不批准的说明理由。
第七条 商品房预售款必须专用于已预售商品房的建设。
第八条 商品房预售广告应载明《商品房预售许可证》的批准文号。未领取《商品房预售许可证》的,不得发布预售广告,有关单位不得为其刊登预售广告。
第九条 预售商品房,预售单位应与预购房者签订《商品房预售合同》。双方应于签约后四十五日内持《商品房预售合同》向市房地产管理局办理登记手续。未经登记的《商品房预售合同》不受法律保护。
《商品房预售合同》由厦门市房地产管理局统一印制。
第十条 预购的商品房在交付使用之前如需转让的,转让双方应签订转让合同,并于签约后四十五日内持转让合同连同原经登记的《商品房预售合同》到市房地产管理局办理转让手续,原合同规定的权利义务随之转移。房地产经营者不得为预购房者办理更名手续。
第十一条 商品房预售合同和预购商品房转让合同的公证按法律、法规的规定执行。
第十二条 本规定施行前已开始预售的商品房,房地产经营者应在六十日内向市房地产管理局报备。
第十三条 未按本规定办理有关手续的,房地产管理局不予办理产权登记。
第十四条 本规定由厦门市房地产管理局负责解释。
第十五条 本规定从颁布之日起执行。

附:厦门市房地产抵押管理规定
第一条 为促进房地产市场的健康发展,保障房地产抵押当事人的合法权益,根据《福建省抵押贷款条例》和《福建省房屋抵押管理暂行规定》,结合本市实际情况,制定本规定。
第二条 本规定所称房地产,系指地上建筑物、其它附着物以及该建筑物、附着物使用范围内的土地使用权。
第三条 厦门市房地产管理局是房地产抵押的登记机关。
第四条 下列房地产不得设定抵押权:
(一)应履行法定产权登记手续而未登记的;
(二)所有权有争议或权属依据不充分的;
(三)土地使用权有争议的;
(四)被依法查封、扣押或采取其它诉讼保全措施的;
(五)登记机关认为依法不能抵押的。
第五条 房地产抵押,当事人必须以书面形式签订抵押合同。
第六条 抵押合同应载明下列内容:
(一)抵押人、抵押权人的姓名(名称)、住所;
(二)抵押房地产的座落、结构、层次、面积、使用状况、现值;
(三)担保债务范围;
(四)抵押期限;
(五)担保债务的清偿方式和期限;
(六)抵押物灭失或毁损时的补救方法;
(七)违约责任与补救方法;
(八)解决争议的方式;
(九)签约日期、地点,当事人签名或盖章;
(十)当事人认为必要的其它事项。
第七条 抵押当事人双方应于抵押合同签订之日起十五日内向厦门市房地产管理局申请抵押登记。
第八条 申请抵押登记应提交下列文件:
(一)抵押登记申请书;
(二)房屋产权证书;
(三)土地使用权证或土地管理部门出具的土地使用权属证明;
(四)抵押当事人双方身份证明;
(五)抵押合同书;
(六)按规定须经有关部门核准或他人同意方得设定抵押权的证明;
(七)登记机关认为应提交的文件。
第九条 房地产抵押未经登记的,不得对抗善意第三人。
第十条 登记机关对申请人的申请进行审查,符合规定的,应自接到登记申请文件之日起三日内办理登记。不予登记的,应书面答复申请人,并告知理由。
第十一条 对核准抵押登记的,登记机关在抵押人的房地产权利证书上加盖抵押专用章,并在房地产登记册上作抵押记录。抵押记录应包括抵押权人、抵押金额、抵押期限、登记时间等内容。
第十二条 同一房地产设立若干抵押权时,应按本规定分别办理抵押登记申请,并以受理申请编号的先后顺序进行审查。抵押权的顺序以申请登记的先后为序。
第十三条 抵押合同变更或解除、终止,当事人应于变更或解除、终止之日起十日内到原登记机关办理变更或注销登记。
第十四条 出现下列情形之一的,抵押权人有权依法处分抵押物:
(一)抵押人到期未能履行债务的;
(二)抵押合同期间抵押人解散或宣告破产的;
(三)抵押人死亡而无继承人,或继承人放弃继承的。
第十五条 抵押权人处分抵押物,可采取以下方式:
(一)公开拍卖;
(二)与抵押人协商,用拍卖以外的方式处分抵押物。
第十六条 本规定由厦门市房地产管理局负责解释。
第十七条 本规定由发布之日起施行。



1994年5月4日

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